A. Sepulveda, Bernardo, una biografía de Bernardo O’Higgins (Santiago de Chile, 2007). He joined Simon Bolívar’s army, which was engaged in fighting Peru’s royalists at Cusco, but didn’t witness any combat. He later went into exile to Peru where he remained for the rest of his life. Of the O'Higgins descendants who remained in Ireland, many continued to make a contribution to Irish society and the cause for Irish freedom. Immigrants from the Irish working classes began arriving later, typically on either Spanish vessels or British boats working for the “Informal British Empire” (territories not controlled by Britain but within their sphere of influence through trade, construction and British emigration, examples of which included Valparaiso, Chile and Buenos Aires, Argentina) or as part of a government-sponsored industrialisation program to recruit Irish tradesmen initiated by fellow Irishmen Ambrosio O’Higgins, Viceroy of Peru and Juan Mackenna, Governor of Osorno. Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna, writer/historian, politician. In 1770, he was nominated Calvary captain to defend the south from incursions by Araucanian Indian tribes, founded the fort of San Carlos there and even managed to gain the trust of the local indigenous populations due to his good nature. 1779-1784 and promoted to Lieutenant Colonel in 1788. He was later promoted to Corregidor in Peru for seven years before being posted as Commander of the Chiloé Archipelago from Soon Bernardo was conceived, probably as a result of Ambrose’s unfulfilled promise of marriage (Spanish government officials were forbidden to marry locals). The most notable Irish Chilean, Bernardo O'Higgins is often referred to as the "Father of Chile", and is commemorated in many places in Chile. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins. August 20: TODAY in Irish History: 1778: Birth of Bernardo O’Higgins, Chilean independence leader and founding father of Chile in Chillán about 250 miles south of the country’s capital, Santiago. Merrion Square has a wealth of statues and sculptures and one of those is a sculpture dedicated to Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme who was a landowner of Spanish and Irish ancestry. Charles Maria O'Carroll (Carlos María O’Carrol). O’Higgins rode south to reinforce Luis and Juan José Carrera to try to repel the invasion near Rancagua, while Jose Miguel Carrera stayed put in Santiago. At one point, Luis Carrera was seen returning to the city with his troops, but suddenly retreated at the last moment. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. When Ambrose died, however, most of the inheritance went to his son, who now found himself a rich man with a huge estate in the south of Chile. He was a leader in the Chilean war of independence and is considered the “Founding Father of Chile”. O’Higgins chose to reinforce Juan José in the city. He later established an all-year round postal route over the mountains linking Chile with Argentina by building six all-season shelters for couriers. There, he fought and distinguished himself in various battles, the most noteworthy of which was the Battle of Membrillar in 1814, a major victory for the Chileans, which temporarily all but wiped out the royal forces. This had been arranged by the high-ranking Irish military officer Count Alexander “Alejandro” O’Reilly, an uncle of his who served in the Spanish Army and himself went on to become the "father of the Puerto Rican militia" and Governor of the then Spanish Louisiana. Bernardo O’Higgins was the locally-born illegitimate son of Ambrosio O’Higgins and Isabel Riquelme, a criolla from a prominent family of Basque origin in Chillán. Get up to date with the latest news and stories about the person Bernardo O Higgins at The Irish Times. O’Higgins was renowned for his bravery on the battlefield and during the Battle of El Roble, he took command after Jose Miguel Carrera retreated, and despite being injured, endeavoured to pursue the fleeing royalists, giving one of his most famed battle cries: “Lads! It is hoped The new government had just given him permission to leave the country. And who was he? Bernardo O’Higgins was born in Chillán, a town in southern Chile, then a colony of Spain. A main street in Rancagua bears his name today. The Wild Geese is a term used broadly in Irish history to refer to Irishmen from the Gaelic Catholic nobility who left Ireland in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries to serve in foreign Catholic armies in the wake of the sectarian “penal laws” and general oppression, persecution and discrimination they faced in their homeland on the part of the then Protestant-dominated British government occupying Ireland at the time. Indeed, perhaps the wave of Irish immigrants to Chile that would most greatly shape the future nation was a group of young Engineers who were at the time working for the Spanish crown. Other reports suggest that like his brother, he may have fallen ill with TB and travelled to Peru for treatment. He passed away in 1801. Joaquín Blest, journalist, writer, lawyer and historian, later Supreme Court Member and Ministry of Justice prosecutor. Unfortunately, the project failed due to a lack of effort on the part of the Chileans and a devastating fondness for drinking on the part of the Irish, and Osorno remained in poor economic health until it was eventually regenerated by the later arrival  of a wave of German immigrants. He ended his days as landed gentry, fulfilling the dream which later enticed many Irish to South America. O’Higgins managed to escape with a few of his men and fled to Santiago. He started out as a travelling merchant throughout the colonies before proposing a trans-Andean communication route linking Mendoza, Argentina with Chile. Regrettably, despite the Irish surnames and thus Irish origins of many of the victims of South American dictatorships, Irish governments and their diplomatic and consular services, misinterpreting the key Irish foreign policies of diplomacy and neutrality, shamefully failed to speak out or protect their descendants in Chile and Argentina during “the dirty wars” and “disappearances”, despite many other European governments voicing their concern and opposition. In 2010, for Chile’s bicentenary, the Irish postal service issued postal stamps commemorating O’Higgins and Mackenna. O'Higgins (Irish: Ó hUiginn) is an Irish noble family.Its Ballynary line is descended from Shean Duff O'Higgins (fl. Bernardo’s popularity soared, along with his cri de guerre: ‘To die with honour or to live with glory’. He fought in the battles of Cancha Rayada and Maipú, and the follow up campaigns in southern Chile. Another Irish arrival was William Knaresbrough, who became a Second Lieutenant in the navy. He was the son of Ambrosio O'Higgins who came from a poor labouring family in Summerhill in County Meath. people both in Ireland and around the world. O’Higgins was the illegitimate son of Sligo born Ambrose Bernard O’Higgins, who became governor of Chile and later viceroy of Peru. Another reported immigration was of two brothers in their early twenties from County Tipperary named Frank and Tom Galvin who arrived around 1896. O’Higgins, who was not part of Santiago’s agrarian élite and was looked down on as a foreigner, became a member of Congress, but he was not a main player. Well: Bernardo O’Higgins Riquelme (1778–1842) was a Chilean independence leader who freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence. and a national hero of Argentina, although the circumstances of his involvement remain unclear. Luis Carrera’s sidekick in the incident was fellow Irishman Admiral William “Guillermo” Brown, “Father of the Argentine Navy” Ambrose O’Higgins first arrived in South America via Spain in 1756. Post-Independence immigration was more sporadic. S. Collier, Ideas and politics of Chilean independence, 1808–1833 (New York, 1967). In recognition of this historic feat, he was promoted to Brigadier General and Commander-General of the Forces of Santiago by Bernardo O'Higgins. As governor, his policy was to integrate the Indians as opposed to subjugating them as the Spanish had been trying to do. The number of Irish immigrants resident in Chile today is very small; 140 according to the 2002 census, but Chileans of Irish ancestry are estimated to number up to 120,000. Background He was a Chilean independence leader who freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence. He was a Commanding Officer who had trained in England and distinguished himself on the battlefield in Spain and France  during the Napoleonic wars, where he reached the rank of Lieutenant Colonel by his mid-twenties and was decorated with the with the Flor de Lis  and the Carlos III Cross. Many arrived in Chile working for the “informal” British Empire, which had taken a strong foothold in Chile with the influence and trade brought by British immigrants, particularly in the Pacific port of Valparaiso. Furthermore, during an endeavour to regenerate the city of Osorno, Ambrosio O’Higgins also sent for various Irish tradesman and artisans. A large proportion of Irish Chileans are sheep farmers in the Magallanes region of the far south of the country, and the city of Punta Arenas has a large Irish foundation dating back to the 18th century. Writing to a recently widowed relative in Australia to offer financial help, Frank Galvin stated ‘I like this country very well. O’Higgins, the Carreras and Manuel Rodríguez and other rebels went into exile in Mendoza, Argentina. Spain, with its staunchly Catholic monarchy and many colonies in the New World, presented a particularly attractive option, and many went there in search of the protection and opportunities Catholic affinity provided there. McKenna later married a local lady from a pro-independence family and with the Declaration of Chilean Independence in 1810, threw his lot in with the rebels. Click Here to go to the Personal Histories page. He was engaged to be married to a woman in Santiago at the time. These were Mark Lozet, a stonemason living in Santiago, William Luns a shoemaker in Talca, Charles “O’Hega” a carpenter and navigator in Talcahuano, James Hogan a soldier in the Valdivia Infantry Battalion and Peter Smith, and a shoemaker in Valdivia. In 1790, at his request, and on the recommendation of the Irish Viceroy of Peru, Ambrosio O’Higgins(see below) he was given the post of Governor of Coquimbo and La Serena, where he then resided. Copyright © 2020 History Publications Ltd, Unit 9, 78 Furze Road, Sandyford, Dublin 18, Ireland | Tel. We shall read about McKenna's vital role in the war of independence below. Bernardo O´Higgins and the Carrera brothers Bernardo O´Higgins. Ana Clara was a descendant of Guillaume Pinochet, a French merchant who arrived in Chile around 1700, who was also the ancestor of President Augusto Pinochet, making Ana a distant relative. Pedro Dartnell, Chilean Army Inspector General. The climate is excellent and luckily I have got a very good and lucrative situation’. All three were later arrested on various charges and sentenced to death by officials, all of whom were members of the Lodge. Merrion Square has a wealth of statues and sculptures and one of those is a sculpture dedicated to Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme who was a landowner of Spanish and Irish ancestry. On hearing of the upcoming invasion, he prepared his militia for battle and defeated the Spanish Royalist forces at Linares, resulting in his promotion to Colonel. Chileans were puzzled about what to do. Carlos Ibáñez, twice president of Chile 1927-1931 and 1952-1958. O’Higgins, José Miguel’s rival, enjoyed a protection and influence in the lodge that the Carreras didn’t and the Carreras were forced to flee to Buenos Aires where they plotted against O’Higgins. Although originally on the payroll of the Spanish Crown, by this time McKenna had already had contact in Europe and South America with, and joined, the “Lautaro Lodge”(a shadowy and mysterious Masonic secret society formed in Europe dedicated to the overthrow of Spanish rule in Latin At the battle of El Roble in 1814, Bernardo managed to fight back and win even though Carrera fled the field. O’Higgins was also instrumental in bringing more Irishmen to Chile. He who is brave, follow me!”. He arrived in Chile and later sent for his brothers, Andrew and John. There is a monument to Bernardo O’Higgins in Dublin and Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna, revered historian and grandson of Juan Mackenna himself visited Ireland, as did another Chilean direct descendant of his Luis Valentín Mackenna, who personally presented a museum in County Monaghan with a bust of Juan Mackenna. Nonetheless, the history of the Irish in Chile has of course influenced relations between the two countries. While serving in Spain’s never-ending war against the Mapuche in southern Chile, 54-year-old Ambrose Higgins (he added the ‘O’ at the end of his life) met the beautiful teenage daughter of a small-town mayor. All we have are old paintings and the echo of a myth that still resounds in Chile. He died in Lima in 1801. He sided with Bolívar in his claim that Chiloe Island, in southern Chile, was part of Peru; and later, in the 1830s, he opposed Chile’s war against the Peru–Bolivia confederacy. Carrera claimed that an attack would have been easily driven off, as Luís Carrera’s men had been mostly unskilled and poorly armed militia. For the deposed head of state, Ireland was far enough away to allow him to forget and heal. He and Josefa O’Fallon had nine children. He also created and trained the Chilean Army’s Corps of Military Engineers. In Chile, he was named Lieutenant Colonel, later Colonel and in 1800 was called to Lima as advisor to Viceroy O'Higgins. There is a statue of him today in the central plaza of Rancagua, commemorating his heroic charge through a Spanish blockade during the Battle there. When Bernardo was born in 1778, Ambrose was the Spanish governor of Chile. He was put in charge of the newly-formed "Dragones de la Patria" Squadron of Curicó in April 1819 to fight in the Guerra a muerte; the pursuit of the remnants and isolated bands of Royalist soldiers, guerrilleros and allied Mapuche Indians who had taken advantage of the ensuing chaos caused by the war to pillage the countryside and engage in banditry as little more than common criminals. In 1823, he was deposed in a coup led by his former closest ally and comrade at the Battle of Rancagua, Ramón Freire. Bernardo’s mother was the daughter of a prominent local, and it was with her family that he was raised. His rivals, the Carrera brothers seized power on various occasions in different coups, and rivalry between the two factions grew and O’Higgins was initially only appointed to a minor military position (although he had received relatively little formal training, he had been instructed militarily by Juan Mackenna, mainly on cavalry use). Alfredo Sepulveda lectures in journalism at Alberto Hurtado University in Santiago, Chile. Below is a (non–exhaustive) list of famous Chileans past and present of Irish ancestry, many of whom are descendants of those named above. to build an extensive database reflecting Irish lives, A detachment led by Juan José was guarding the entrance to the city. He was a Chilean independence leader who freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence. (The Times Concise Atlas of World History [1982]), Bust of Bernardo O’Higgins in Dublin’s Merrion Square. Germán Riesco, a lawyer from Rancagua who served as President from 1901-1906. But Martínez was an old man, and when the Spanish viceroy in Lima invaded Chile, Bernardo began to achieve fame. Furthermore, Chilean records from 1820-850 registered seven marriages between Irishmen and criolla women in the south of the country. America) through its members Jose de San Martin, the future liberator of Argentina whom he met in France, Bernardo O’Higgins, the Chilean-born son of Ambrosio O’Higgins and future Liberator of Chile with whom he had also formed a close friendship, and Francisco de Miranda, the Lodge’s founder. There the young man met Venezuelan Francisco Miranda, an early promoter of a free Hispanic America who was trying unsuccessfully to gain the support of the British government for his cause. Juan Luis Sanfuentes, President from 1915-1920. A total of 26 arrived in September and November 1798 alone (a year of particular rebellion, political unrest and social upheaval in Ireland). He was killed in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1814 by Luis Carrera himself in a shotgun duel (for which the Lautaro Lodge later exacted revenge by having all three of the Carrera brothers executed). Estanislao married a local woman and their son Patricio became a highly distinguished naval officer in the War of the Pacific with Bolivia and Peru. +353-1-293 3568, That field of glory. Back in Chile, Bernardo lived the life of a rich landowner, but the bells of war were tolling. Chile also received its share of Irish Engineers. . In 1809, Avilés, now himself viceroy of Peru following the death of O’Higgins, relieved him of his duties as governor. He was a wealthy landowner of Spanish and Irish ancestry. Ireland did, however, accept a limited number of Chilean refugees in 1974. He died in 1884 having greatly advanced the cause of medicine in his adopted homeland. Irish Connections: Few young men were as ambitious as O’Higgins, field marshal in the colonial Spanish army and viceroy of Lima Sat, Mar 18, 2017, 05:00 Eoin Butler S. Collier, Ideas and politics of Chilean independence, 1808–1833 (New York, 1967). Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme was a Chilean independence leader who freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence. He defeated the marauding bandit gangs of the Royalist warlords Vicente Benavides and the Pincheira brothers in January 1820, but was later captured by the forces of Juan Manuel Picó following defeat at the Battle of Pangal on the 25th of September of the same year near the River Laja in the Araucania Region. They were victorious at the Battle of Chacabuco. giving them a chance to be heard, remembered and to Once O’Higgins put an end to José Miguel Carrera’s brief dictatorship and re-established his power base, he appointed Mackenna as Major-Chief-of-State and sent him south to fight the General Antonio Pareja and his pro-Spanish Royalist army. John became an established doctor in Valparaiso and Andrew founded the first brewery there. now-independent Peruvian govern-ment had given him properties as a thank-you gesture for his efforts in building the navy. He was killed in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1814 by Luis Carrera himself in a shotgun duel (for which the Lautaro Lodge later exacted revenge by having all three of the Carrera brothers executed). Also, with Chile’s independence all but fully consolidated, the quintessential Irish immigrant to Chile-the Catholic aristocrat turned refugee and Spanish-trained military official in the service of the Spanish crown-quickly became a dying breed. L. Valencia Avaria, O’Higgins, el buen genio de América (Santiago de Chile, 1980). Bernardo O’Higgins was a Chilean nationalist of Irish descent. He was a leader in the Chilean war of independence and is considered the “Founding Father of Chile”. The Irish and the Chilean War of Independence. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. This ended the previous cutting off of communications between the two lands for months at a time during the harsh highland Andean winter. Many Irish Chileans today are sheep farmers in the Magallanes Region, and Punta Arenas has a large Irish foundation first established in the 18th century. Although he had had correspondence with the Irish side of his family, the. In 1826, he wrote a damning report on the state of medicine in Chile, criticising the country’s poor sanitary levels, poor medical training and disregard for medical science. He was a wealthy landowner of Spanish and Irish ancestry. Nonetheless, Irishmen continued to arrive, albeit in smaller numbers. A. Sepulveda, Bernardo, una biografía de Bernardo O’Higgins (Santiago de Chile, 2007). The Bernardo O’Higgins Monument Home Sligo Town may seem an unlikely place to commemorate the leader of a South American country, but here in the Stephen Street car park, (co-ordinates 54.27180 -8.47305), we find a monument to Bernardo O’Higgins who became the first leader of Chile after that country gained independence from Spain in 1817. He personally sent for the following: John McKenna (known locally as “Juan Mackenna”)arrived in Chile in 1796 after being referred to Ambrose O’Higgins with letters of recommendation following training and serving with the Irish Brigade in Spain. On sight of the massive royalist army, they fled into the town to make their stand there. The rebels were greatly outnumbered and routed, and José Miguel Carrera refused to send desperately needed reinforcements during the battle and left them to their fate. 1600 C.E. He was a grandson of Patrick Lynch, an emigrant from Galway to Buenos Aires in the 1740s (another of Patrick Lynch’s illustrious descendants was his great-great-great-great grandson, Ernesto “Che” Guevara Lynch, the famous Argentine revolutionary). By Edward T. O'Donnell One hundred eighty-four years ago this week, on Feb. 12, 1818, Don Bernardo O'Higgins declared Chile an independent nation. In 1822 went on to become Mayor of Santiago. Bernardo O’Higgins, supreme director of Chile, commemorated throughout Chile. Tomás O’Shee also travelled to serve in the Irish regiment in Spain where he rose to the rank of Captain. According to a census taken by the Spanish Authorities from 1808-1809, five more Irishmen were registered as living in Chile. He had relinquished power. Unfortunately, another Carrera smash-and-grab for power in the form of a coup d’état (this time instigated by Luis Carrera) led to his being banished to exile in Argentina in the same year. Bernardo O'Higgins (August 20, 1778–October 24, 1842) was a Chilean landowner, general, president, and one of the leaders of its struggle for independence. After the First World War, Anita married Humberto de Rio, a member of the Liberal Party from a distinguished political family. Like O’Higgins, Mackenna, Simón Bolívar and many other independence figures all over Latin America, San Martín was a fellow member of The Lautaro Lodge, and O’Higgins was welcomed. The first two Irishmen to reach Chile arrived with Magallanes in 1520 as part of the expedition that first set eyes on the strait that is called after him today. While he was Supreme Director of recently independent Chile he had fathered a son, Demetrio, who also lived with him, but the boy’s mother, Rosario Puga, tired of O’Higgins’s indecision and political problems, and unable to marry him because she was a divorcée, had run off with one of Bernardo’s political enemies. He was 45, temporarily blind, financially broken and romantically hurt. O’Higgins was then given the title, position and power of Supreme Director of Chile. He died of cardiac complications in 1842 at the age of 64, ironically as he was making plans to return to Chile. Collier, Ideas and politics of Chilean independence leader who freed Chile from Spanish rule in the area... To subjugating them as the only legitimate and acknowledged heir to his uncle, he fostered the establishment hospitals! Could aspire in Spanish south America battles of Cancha Rayada and Maipú, and cause. Lucrative situation ’ with her family that he was a leader in the area! 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